•Narrator: Now listen to two students discussing the letter.

•Man: Hey, Mary. Did you see this? You think he's right?

•Woman: No. I don't agree with him.

•Man: How come?

•Woman: Well, because it's not like the street out front is the only space you can park.

•You can also park at the dining hall, which is only a couple blocks away,

•or the library, which is a few blocks in the other direction.

•He doesn't mention that.

•Man: That's true. I guess there are other lots nearby.

•Woman: Yeah, so there's not really a need for it.

•Students may have to walk a little, but that's OK.

•I don't think there always needs to be a spot right outside the building your going to.

•Man: That's true.

•Woman: But the other problem I have with it is even if they went ahead with his idea,

•it's the location he suggests.

•They can't just clear away those trees,

•that's one of the only wooded areas left on campus.

•We don't have many trees here and they should preserve the ones we have.

•Man: Yeah, it is pretty.

•Woman: Well, yeah,

•and sometimes students like to sit out there in the shade on a nice day, to study or read under the trees.

•They should leave it alone,

•not destroy it to make way for something we don't need.

•Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture in a Marketing class.

•Professor: You know, there are lots of different companies out there that make and sell cookies or biscuits.

•But there's one company,

•Big Bear Cookies, that has used this technique to sell more cookies than all its competitors.

•How? Well, the company has this animal character called Big Bear that it uses in all the advertising.

•The picture of the bears on its cookie boxes and the character of the bear also appears in its TV commercials.

•Oh, and of course, the cookies themselves are shaped like big bear.

•Now most people who eat Big Bear Cookies are children,

•and well, they enjoy the bear and think that he's really entertaining and fun.

•In the TV commercials, for example,

•he's always saying funny things and dancing around in a lively, comical way.

•So Big Bear makes children feel good about the company's cookies,

•makes children want to get them.

•And you know,

•the really interesting thing is that the figure of big bear stays in people's minds and makes them think of cookies,

•even though bears don't usually have anything to do with cookies.

•I mean, bear certainly don't make or eat cookies, right?

•Yet, Big Bear is a character that people,

•particularly children, don't seem to forget,

•because year after year Big Bear Cookies sells more cookies than any other company.

•Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

•Professor: Okay, so many animals benefit from living in groups,

•it provides them with protection from predators and with social companionship.

•So it's important for these animals to maintain their group's unity.

•They need ways to either avoid conflicts or if they do occur, to resolve them peacefully.

•To help them achieve this,

•many animals use what are called display behaviors.

•These are behaviors that are mostly for show,

•a symbolic behaviors that send a message to the other animals and help maintain their group's unity.

•One way is through the use of threatening display behaviors,

•threatening display behaviors are used to communicate a warning.

•But they aren't meant to really harm other animals,

•rather, they help animals avoid fights.

•Some monkeys, like baboons for instance,

•frequently use threatening display behaviors.

•Like, well, let's say two baboons find some fruit, and they both want it.

•One baboon, may be the first baboon to see the fruit,

•might stare at the other one, and make threatening noises,

•grunts to let the other baboon know it wants the fruit.

•Because the other baboon understands the meaning of the stares and grunts,

•it can give up the fruit without a fight,

•and this behavior benefits the group by preventing conflict.

•But sometimes physical fights do occur,

•and animals need a way to reconcile afterwards,

•to make up, to ensure that everyone in the group continues to get along.

•In these cases,

•an animal might use friendly display behavior to restore group unity.

•Let's return to the baboon example.

•Let's say the two baboons do end up getting into a physical fight over the fruit.

•After the conflict,

•the two animals need a way to resolve things.

•So what they do is approach each other while making friendly noises,

•and may even hug each other,

•as if to say everything's okay now, I'm not angry with you any more.

•Now through this display behavior, friendly noises or hugs,

•the baboons can make up and the group can go back to normal.