input, learning and use.

 There are three main stages of language learning in the ‘Present-Practice’ model proposed by Jeremy Harmer Pearson：input, learning and use.

 Firstly, input can be categorized into three different types: restricted exposure, authentic exposure and clarification. Restricted exposure normally occurs in classroom, by this I mean that the language inputs students received in class are generally the limited rules and key points summarized by their teachers or scholars previously. In contrast, authentic exposure happens in the real language environment where students can immerse themselves in everyday language, such as restaurant, supermarket or petrol station, etc. Clarification is a kind of input that teachers used to explain knowledge point or make grammar rules clearer to understand.

 After that, the process of learning consist of five steps, namely understanding, memory, reflection, noticing and preparing. Students strive to comprehend and remember what they learned, think critically, notice the input consciously so that be well prepared for using language, especially speaking and writing.

 Finally, restricted output and authentic output are two main categories of use. Restricted output is practice in class. Whereas authentic output is known as production or simply as speaking or writing skills work, such as write an essay, have a presentation or give a presentation and so forth.